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The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, with a focus on the small and large intestines.<br /><br />The small intestine is divided into two main parts and is approximately 6 feet long. It is the main location for nutrient digestion and absorption. The large intestine, on the other hand, is where vitamin B12 is absorbed and is the largest part of the gut. It is responsible for the final absorption of nutrients.<br /><br />The small intestine, which is 20-25 feet long, plays important roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three sections: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum is the first and shortest segment of the small intestine, where food breakdown occurs and enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder are present. The jejunum, which is the mid-portion of the small intestine, is responsible for absorption of nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and some vitamins. The ileum, the final part of the small intestine, continues the absorption of nutrients, especially bile salts and vitamin B12.<br /><br />The large intestine, also known as the colon, is about 4-5 feet long. Its main functions are the absorption of water and electrolytes, as well as the elimination of solid wastes. It relies on peristalsis, a coordinated contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles, for motility. The rectum retains stool until it is time for elimination, and the anus has both involuntary and voluntary control over defecation.<br /><br />Overall, the gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, as well as the elimination of waste products.

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Gauree Konijeti, MD, MPH

Keywords

anatomy

physiology

gastrointestinal tract

small intestine

large intestine

nutrient digestion

absorption

duodenum

jejunum

ileum