ASGE Recognized Industry Associate (ARIA) Training Program OPEN | October 2025-GI Tract in Health_Liver_Gallbladder

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The gastrointestinal (GI) tract comprises key digestive organs including the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. The liver, the largest solid organ weighing 3-4 pounds and located in the right upper abdomen, performs over 500 vital functions. It receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery and the portal vein. The liver produces bile, a greenish-yellow fluid stored in the gallbladder and released in response to fatty meals via the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK). Bile helps absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K). Liver functions include synthesizing clotting factors, glucose, proteins, cholesterol; storing glycogen, vitamins (A, D, B12, K), iron, copper; and breaking down medications, alcohol, and toxins.<br /><br />The biliary system involves intrahepatic bile ducts, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, and ampulla, facilitating bile transport and storage.<br /><br />The pancreas, an 8-inch glandular organ in the upper abdomen, has both exocrine and endocrine functions. Exocrine pancreas produces digestive enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, and secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the duodenum. Endocrine pancreas produces hormones like insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin, regulating blood sugar and other body functions. Secretin, released by the duodenum in response to acidic stomach contents, stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate, protecting the intestinal lining.<br /><br />Overall, a healthy GI tract enables food breakdown and nutrient absorption, water and mineral uptake, coordinated movement of contents, and waste storage until elimination, ensuring proper digestion and body function.

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Juan Carlos Bucobo, MD, FASGE

Keywords

gastrointestinal tract

liver functions

bile production

gallbladder

pancreas exocrine function

pancreas endocrine function

digestive enzymes

biliary system

nutrient absorption

digestive hormones