GI Unit Leadership: Shaping a High-Performing Endoscopy Unit (Virtual)

ASGE radiation safety
Pdf Summary
This document from the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy's Quality Assurance in Endoscopy Committee provides a comprehensive overview of radiation and fluoroscopy safety in gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, particularly during interventional procedures like ERCP.

Key points include:

1. <strong>Fundamentals of Fluoroscopy</strong>: Fluoroscopy uses ionizing radiation (x-rays) to produce real-time images by passing radiation through the body and detecting contrast based on tissue absorption. Equipment varies widely with no standardization in controls, necessitating physician familiarity with local machines and collaboration with radiation safety officers. Digital fluoroscopy can reduce dose compared with analog but is not inherently safer due to potential increased use.

2. <strong>Radiation Effects and Measurement</strong>: Radiation can cause deterministic effects (dose-threshold dependent, such as skin burns, hair loss, cataracts) and stochastic effects (probabilistic, like cancer). Dosimetry involves absorbed dose (Gray) and equivalent dose (Sievert). The ALARA principle—“as low as reasonably achievable”—guides minimizing exposure through control of time, distance, and shielding.

3. <strong>Radiation Safety Principles</strong>: Strategies include minimizing fluoroscopy time (e.g., pulsed fluoroscopy, last image hold), maximizing distance from the radiation source (inverse square law), and shielding (use of properly fitting, inspected lead aprons; thyroid shields; leaded glasses). Collimation and proper gantry angling also reduce patient and staff exposure. Over-couch setups generate more scatter radiation than under-couch.

4. <strong>Special Populations</strong>: Obese patients cause increased scatter and radiation dose; extra shielding is advised. Pediatric patients have higher stochastic risk and require strict dose minimization. For women of childbearing age and pregnant personnel, pregnancy testing and strict monitoring are recommended; with proper shielding and technique, ERCP can be safely performed during pregnancy with no increased fetal risk.

5. <strong>Occupational Dose Monitoring</strong>: States vary widely in fluoroscopy training and licensure requirements. Dosimeters must be worn correctly for effective monitoring. Typical occupational limits follow international and US recommendations, with fetal dose limits strictly controlled after declaration of pregnancy.

6. <strong>Education and Future Directions</strong>: Radiation safety training in interventional endoscopy is limited but crucial; surveys show low awareness and practice of safety measures. Formal curricula and certification akin to interventional cardiology are advocated. Emerging technologies, including AI-incorporated fluoroscopy systems, show promise in reducing radiation exposure. Radiation-sparing alternatives such as EUS, MRCP, and MRI-guided catheters may reduce fluoroscopy use over time.

In conclusion, this article emphasizes the need for rigorous education, policy implementation, and adoption of best practices in radiation safety to protect patients and healthcare workers during fluoroscopy-guided GI endoscopy procedures, while recognizing ongoing technology advancements that may further reduce radiation exposure.
Keywords
Fluoroscopy
Radiation safety
Gastrointestinal endoscopy
ERCP
ALARA principle
Radiation effects
Dose monitoring
Occupational exposure
Radiation shielding
Interventional procedures