We've created a few multiple choice questions for you, and we will read them and read the answer choices. So please think about how you would answer them, and then we will give you the correct answer and the reasons for that answer. And Stephanie has the first several, so she will begin. Thanks, Debra. So I'm going to just present a few scenarios to you. Starting with this first one, while attending DDW, you and your colleagues have lunch with an old acquaintance who is a pharmaceutical sales rep and pays for lunch using his company card. Two years later, you submit a study to GIE that involves a product made by that pharmaceutical company. Which of the following is the best practice regarding your disclosure statement? A, you should not disclose the lunch because it might create the impression that there is a conflict where none exists. B, you should disclose the lunch in the interest of complete transparency. C, you are not required to disclose the lunch because it was a personal interaction and not relevant to the study. D, you only need to disclose the lunch if your friend spent over $100. E, you are not required to disclose it because the lunch was more than a year ago. So think about what you would do in this situation. Which of these options would you choose? The correct choice would have been B. You should disclose the lunch. Although the time limits vary from journal to journal, all financial or personal exchanges that took place within the last three years that could potentially be seen as a conflict of interest should be disclosed. There is no minimum cost threshold for conflicts of interest. Although you may think an interaction is not relevant, perception is important and personal bias must also be taken into account. When in doubt, disclose it. Scenario 2. You receive an email from a journal requesting you submit a paper on a specific topic. You are currently finishing a relevant paper and trying to decide where to submit. You think this might be a good option, but you've heard of predatory publishing and are wary of solicitation emails. Which of the following actions should you take? A. Check to see if the journal is in the directory of open access journals. If it is, you should submit to that journal. B. Stay away from this journal. If they are soliciting through email, they are definitely predatory. C. Check who is on the editorial board. If it is a respected member of your field, you know it's safe. Or D. Research the article or research the journal and ask your colleagues about its reputation. If anything you find makes you uncomfortable, choose another journal. So in this scenario, think about what you would do. The correct choice was D. This is a tricky question because predatory publishing is a tricky issue. It is smart to be wary of solicitation emails, but occasionally legitimate journals will send out calls for papers. Predatory journals will do their best to trick you, even misappropriating the names of top members of a field to draw in authors. The directory of open access journals does its best to catalog legitimate journals, but it is not foolproof. Do your own research and trust your instincts. The next scenario. You are writing up a study that includes research methods used in a previous article you published. The methods section of your previous article was well written and applicable to your current study and you are thinking about just transferring that text to your new article. Which of the following actions should you take? Copy and paste directly from the previous article to save time and effort. It's not plagiarism if you wrote the original content. Copy and paste the text directly from the previous article, but put the whole section in quotations. Use the same information, but rewrite the text so that sections do not directly overlap. Scrub this paper. You cannot write an article that has the same methods as a previously published article. In this scenario, the correct choice was C. It is not unusual for a researcher to publish several articles on the same topic using similar methodologies. However, in most scenarios, once an article is published, the author no longer owns the copyright. Additionally, you cannot recycle previously published text. This is self-plagiarism. While you can copy and paste a direct quote if it is properly cited, the most ethical practice when you want to reuse a large section of information is to simply rewrite the content so there is no direct overlap with the original text. Scenario 4. You need to include a figure in your article to illustrate a claim you are making. Your figure isn't as high quality as you would have liked, and you are afraid that a key point will be overlooked. Which of the following ethical ways can you enhance your figure? You can choose more than one. A. Enhance the contrast of the image. B. Magnify the image. C. Add an arrow to draw the viewer's attention to the important part of the image. D. Crop out parts of the image that will distract the viewer from the important part. Or E. Use Photoshop to exaggerate the details of the image. All right. So which is the best option or options here? A and C. Making enhancements to an image is only ethical if it can in no way interfere with the interpretation of the data in the image. Changing the contrast or adding and removing details creates a skewed experience for the viewer. On the other hand, simply adding an arrow or showing magnification does not compromise the integrity of the image. However, the magnification level does need to be specified in the caption, and you should explain what the arrow is pointing to. Okay. I will take the last two questions. Question five. You are setting up a new study with a plan to go into a developing country and gather data from citizens of that country. Your researcher list consists of a dozen people from your university, and they have all agreed to participate. Which of the following must still be done to avoid helicopter science? A. Nothing. You're ready to begin. B. You need to study the people of the country in question. C. You should plan to stay in that country for an extended length of time. Or D. Your researcher list should include researchers from the developing country. The correct answer to that question is D. You need to include researchers from the developing country. If you only include your close colleagues and people from your institution, the quality of research will be reduced because you may not fully understand which questions to ask or how to draw conclusions or connections to local issues. In addition, local communities are then prevented from using the research to their own advantage. And the final question. You are setting up a study, and you deliberately go out of your way to include researchers of different genders, ethnicities, and disability levels, whether the study fits their field of research or not. Have you covered diversity, equity, and inclusion considerations when it comes to selecting researchers? A. No, because you didn't include LGBTQ plus people. B. No, because you considered diversity, but not equity and inclusion. C. Yes, you've done all you can. Or D. No, your job is not done until you report how you considered diversity, equity, and inclusion to the publisher of the resulting article. So which of these is the correct answer? B. It is not necessary to force the inclusion of every possible group. Just don't exclude people on that basis. But more importantly, in the example given, you've covered diversity, but you're ignoring inclusion and equity. If you add them to the author list but don't include them equally in the study work, you're not practicing diversity, equity, and inclusion. It is not enough to simply list the names. They must be approached as equal parts and treated with respect and impartiality. So that is the end of our quiz. And now we are happy to take audience questions if anyone has any.

ethical considerations

conflict of interest

self-plagiarism

enhancing figures

diversity